Rhoicosphenia abbreviata can be distinguished from various species of the genus Gomphonema by the strong arch of the valve (as seen in girdle view), the reduced raphe on the dorsal valve, and the presence of more developed pseudoseptae. A number of species within Rhoicosphenia are thought to be present within North America, including R. californica and R. stoermeri. Rhoicosphenia californica has narrow valves with protracted apices. Rhoicosphenia stoermeri has a distinct central area, panduriform in shape.